How sedentary lifestyle affect identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How stationary way of life influence personality - Essay Example At this point, everyone should realize the wellbeing impacts of idleness, nearly as harming to the warm blooded animal body as cigarette smoking and pets are similarly as helpless. The earth is unquestionably getting heavier in light of the fact that stoutness is a pestilence in the created nations. New instances of grown-up beginning Diabetes (otherwise called Type II Diabetes) are developing at a cosmic rate in the West, where 350 million individuals presently have the ailment and in excess of 3,000,000 individuals surrender every year. Amazingly enough, more youngsters are getting this variant of Diabetes, which at one time was incredibly uncommon in those under eighteen. Likewise, coronary illness (respiratory failures) and hypertension developing into crippling or lethal strokes are increasingly basic in the stable individual. Numerous works have accused the stationary way of life for the innovation age and the facts confirm that a lot more individuals hold an office-type work i n 2012 then the masses did in the 1960’s. Be that as it may, the normal Western grown-up just works forty hours per week, under 25% of the 168-hour week. The other seventy-two hours (in the wake of deducting fifty-six hours for rest) lead to inactive difficulty. The child playing computer games for a considerable length of time, the family viewing the most recent DVD, grown-ups and kids the same stuck to the home PC shopping and getting up to speed with Facebook, Twitter, and so on are all inertia warnings that character change is famous. . To increase the issue, a horde of unfortunate food decisions are accessible, potato chips, burritos, treats among others, with more things created constantly. Diet and exercise are the two answers for dormancy. Solid, home-prepared suppers with less eating out, particularly at drive-through eateries, can have a tremendous effect in a person’s weight and wellbeing, and sentiments of character. Rather than father and child watching fo otball all Sunday evening, they could go out in the lawn and have a round of catch. The entire family could take an energetic stroll in the recreation center and as opposed to driving around the shopping center attempting to get a parking spot close to the passageway, it would be greatly improved to stop in the under locales and stroll to the entryway. Cultivating, housework, strolling the pooch (it needs the exercise additionally) and even sex are magnificent regular gadgets in which one would get work out. Is it pouring? The latent individual could have a go at strolling all over the steps a couple of times. New York Times reporter Michael Pollan has composed a few flippant books regarding the matter of food, most prominently The Omnivore's Dilemma: a Natural History of Four Meals. Pollan stresses that he basically concurs with the Government in their evaluation that shoddy nourishment and other prepared food sources are bad for the human body. He additionally recognizes that supp osed â€Å"organic† food isn't that any longer, what began as a smart thought immediately turned no better than non-natural groceries. What's more, current transportation and capacity techniques, bringing local nourishments, for example, Cajun across the country, are not really for the advancement of mankind. While suggesting more plant matter, he focuses on that people should turn into a general public of tracker finders, as they were under 150 years back. Pollan in the section â€Å"The purchaser a republic of fat† talks expressly on the inactive way of life and strangely accuses it incompletely for the overabundance of corn delivered in North America. Americans don’t every that much corn so the abundance brought about the enormous liquor producing in the 1800’s, which is as yet being utilized today (Pollan). Likewise high

Knowledge is nothing more than the systematic organisation of facts Essay - 1

Information is just the efficient association of realities. Examine this announcement comparable to two subject matters - Essay Example This was old style meaning of information which was eventually embraced yet at first was depicted by Plato. Some grip of knowledge’s relationship to data is required by a comprehension of information. The distinction among information and data has for some time been the training in ordinary language (Daniel, 2006, pp. 36).â€Å"Knowledge is simply the efficient association of facts† is the principle topic of this exposition. This article will examine this announcement comparable to two subject matters, for example history and morals. Besides, it will research the methods of knowing and the two subject matters. The potential information issues, the kind of genuine circumstances which can be drawn out and the difficulties and troubles will likewise be tended to by this article. The naming and division of the information we forces are alluded to as the subject matters. Eight distinct subject matters are distinguished by the TOK course. Morals and History are the two subject matters, which I will consider. The investigation of how to live our lives ethically or the ethical way of thinking is alluded to as morals. Morals is a part of information which is worried about good standards. The issue of good issues is a case of a key region of conversation in morals. Direct is affected or administered by these ethical standards. The investigation of ethics is alluded to as morals. Since morals depends on the brain of an individual, along these lines, information might be invalidated by the possibility of morals. Morals might be founded on convictions or religion or might be raised through our own understanding. So as to list things as realities, there may not be a composed recipe booklet of morals. Since morals is made and identified with the time we live now, in this manner, it isn't exceptionally identified with the past. A subject matter that reviews the recorded past is alluded to as history. Comprehension of human conduct can be extended through investigation

Exciting potential UROP the cancer genome

Exciting potential UROP the cancer genome Great front page article in todays New York Times on the proposed Human Cancer Genome Project: The proposed Human Cancer Genome Project, as it is being called for now, would be greater in scale than the Human Genome Project, which mapped the human genetic blueprint. It would seek to determine the DNA sequence of thousands of tumor samples, looking for mutations that give rise to cancer or sustain it. Proponents say a databank of all such mutations, which would be freely available to researchers, would provide invaluable clues for developing new ways to diagnose, treat and prevent cancer. [] The project, which might end up with a different name, would determine the sequence of the DNA in at least 12,500 tumor samples, 250 samples from each of 50 major types of cancer. By comparing the order of the letters of the genetic code in the tumor samples with one another and with sequences in healthy tissue, it should be possible to pinpoint mutations responsible for cancer. [] The technology available today would not be up to the task of doing this entire project, said Dr. [Eric] Lander, who was a leader of the Human Genome Project. But he added, The cost of sequencing is dropping enough that this is no longer unthinkable. So, just as my classmates did research with Prof. Lander (who was my Introductory Biology teacher; you can also choose to take his class) and his group on the Human Genome Project, perhaps your class will be doing UROPs with Lander on the Human Cancer Genome Project

Black Is My Favorite Color by Bernard Malamud - 2450 Words

About the short story The short story Black is My Favorite Color by Bernard Malamud is about Jewish-Black relationships in America similarly to several of his other novels (such as The Assistant, 1957) and short stories. Bernard Malamud (1914-1986) was born in Brooklyn as an offspring of Russian Jewish immigrants. Along with Saul Bellow, Philip Roth and Paul Auster, Malamud is one of the most important Jewish-American writers. Black is My Favorite Color deals with prejudice in general and positive prejudice on the part of a liberal humanist in particular, as well as with difficult relationships between people of different ethnic and social origins. Its also about self-image, self-deception and the way people are perceived by others.†¦show more content†¦Pre-reading activities and assignments Phase 1: Brainstorming What comes to your mind when reading the title Black is My Favorite Color? Distribute cards for students to jot down their associations or write their ideas on the blackboard or flipchart. Students may try to think about connotations linked with color adjectives. They may discover cultural differences and similarities regarding values and feelings associated with black and other colours in their culture and compare proverbs, metaphors and similes: German gelb wie der Neid, rot wie die Liebe, grà ¼n ist die Hoffnung Schwarz wie die Nacht, schwarze Messen,schwarzer Humor, schwarze Magie, kreidebleich (white color compared to chalk) sein (with sickness, shock or Angst) French Black Blanc Beur, la magie noire, lhumour noir, une humeur noire , se faire des idà ©es noires, une messe noire, un film noir, un jour noir, le jeudi noir, etc bleu: avoir une peur bleue, lheure bleue, à ªtre bleu de froid, de peur, Tu me prends pour un bleu! English black humour, black market, a black-and-white situation, black mood, Black Friday blue: to feel (lonely ) and blue; I have got the blues Characterize the type of music called the blues. Phase 2:Show MoreRelatedBlack Is My Favorite Color by Bernard Malamud2463 Words   |  10 PagesAbout the short story The short story Black is My Favorite Color by Bernard Malamud is about Jewish-Black relationships in America similarly to several of his other novels (such as The Assistant, 1957) and short stories. Bernard Malamud (1914-1986) was born in Brooklyn as an offspring of Russian Jewish immigrants. Along with Saul Bellow, Philip Roth and Paul Auster, Malamud is one of the most important Jewish-American writers. Black is My Favorite Color deals with prejudice in general and positiveRead MoreA Jew Of Gentiles By Mark Twain4267 Words   |  18 Pagesaudiences to see the Jews as one of two opposites: heroic survivors or the emotionally debilitated. Both disregard the raw emotion of the Jewish culture, that which Bernard Malamud would later prove universal. Furthermore, the critical tendency to categorize twentieth-century American authors by ethnically-oriented labels has done Malamud a great injustice, as the restrictive â€Å"Jewish writer† label causes audiences to read his works from a narrow outlook by the nature of the appellation. Admittedly,

Symbolism in the Color Purple by Alice Walker Essay

Symbolism is one of the major elements in The Color Purple by Alice Walker. The womans search for something she has never experienced is the symbolization of the mankinds search for love and happiness. The meaning of names, occupations, power, pants, cloth, words, eyes, frogs, starts, shell, stamps are only few examples of the symbols used by the author and are very important in understanding not only the characters of the story, but also global values such as love, power, mutual understanding, and authority over another persons life. The purple color itself symbolizes love in the story. When Celie is shopping for the first time in her life for new clothes, she wants to get something purple. However, she cannot find any†¦show more content†¦Sex is something Sofia is able to control and it empowered her to fight Harpo when he tried to reduce her to the status of an object. Even the names of the characters are symbolic. It seems that the usage of names is the authors favorite way to identify how much power one character has over another. Celie is unable to call Mr.em_/emem_ by his first name and lacks any power over him . The power of names is most vividly described in the relationships of Harpo and Squeak. As long as Squeak is called so, she is powerless to defend herself. Celie notices that Squeak is much like herself in actions and obeying. However, after being raped, Squeak points to Harpo that her name is Mary Agnes and demanding to be called so she asserts herself as an independent person demanding respect . The occupations of characters also have symbolic meaning and represent not only the social status of each person but also the strength of the individuals. Sophia becomes a servant and is subjected to the status that Harpo has fought with her to achieve. She is the symbol of the indecisiveness which needs to be fought against. Shug is independent because she works for herself. She represents a confidence in life and is a strong individual . The similar independence is offered to Mary Agnes when she becomes a singer like Shug. Marys decision is a symbol of ability to change ones own life and reach someShow MoreRelatedLiterary Elements of The Color Purple Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesAlice Walker may seem the usual type of author that is ordinary in her writing. Actually, she is not. She uses a different method to make us feel the suspense of the story with vivid details. You only live life once so why not take advantage of it? In The Color Purple, Celie’s life is the co ntrary. You may ask why, but there are people out there who are afraid to speak up. Alice Walker seemed to portray this novel very well making it seem realistic. The tone Walker used in the novel seemed confessionalRead MoreLiterary Analysis: The Color Purple Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 1960s. In her renowned book The Color Purple, Alice Walker narrates the journey of an African American woman, Celie Johnson (Harris), who experiences racism, sexism, and enduring hardships throughout the course of her life; nonetheless, through the help of friends and family, she is able to overcome her obstacles and grow into a stronger, more self-assured individual. While there are numerous themes transpiring throughout the course of the novel, the symbolism is one of the strongest prospectsRead MoreColors And Independence In Alice Walkers The Color Purple1555 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker’s masterpiece, The Color Purple, uses ordinary things such as clothes, colors, jobs, and money as strong symbolism. In this book, pants symbolize independence. Pants change the way society views and treats a person. They also convey that a person is strong, confident, free, and equal to others. Alice Walker shows the reader how wearing pants can have a big effect on a person’s life, especially if that person is a woman in the early twentieth century. From the beginning of time to lessRead MoreThe Meaning Of Heritage In The Color Purple By Alice Walker771 Words   |  4 Pages1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, Alice Walker grew up as the youngest sibling in a poor family. As a Civil Rights activist, Walker fought for the equality of all African-Americans. She is best known for her novel The Color Purple which was published in 1982. In 1973, she released the story collection In Love and Trouble which included the short story â€Å"Everyday Use.† Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† displays the theme of the meaning of heritage through irony and symbolism. Walker uses irony, which resultsRead MoreAmayrani Lopez. Mr. Sahr. Honors American Literature. 21199 Words   |  5 PagesAmayrani Lopez Mr. Sahr Honors American Literature 2 March 2017 The Color Purple Background Information Alice Walker, the author, was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was the youngest daughter of sharecroppers and grew up poor. When Walker was eight years old, she was shot in the right eye with a BB pellet while playing with two of her brothers. After she got shot in the eye, a whitish scar tissue formed, and she became self-conscious of this visible mark. She found solace inRead More the color purple Essay examples1243 Words   |  5 Pages Color of Purple is a Novel by Alice Walker, published in 1982. It won a Pulitzer Prize in 1983. A feminist novel about an abused and uneducated black womans struggle for empowerment, the novel was praised for the depth of its female characters and for its eloquent use of black English vernacular. African-American people have had to climb over many obstacles to get to their position today. First, was the selling of their people into slavery. Then, they endured slavery itself, being treated likeRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker 1042 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel, the color purple, Alice Walker said â€Å"A girl is nothing to herself; only to her husband can she become something. What can she become? I asked. Why, she said, the mother of his children. But I am not the mother of anybody’s children, I said, and I am something†, clearly supporting the idea that self-actualization is independent from gender roles. It’s this sense of self-actualization and how it leads to empowerment that the minor characters in the color purple consistently conveyedRead MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 PagesAlice Walker: Peeling an Essence As an African- American novelist, short–story writer, essayist, poet, critic, and editor, Alice Walker’s plethora of literary works examines many aspects of African American life as well as historical issues that are further developed by Walker’s unique point of view. Writers like Alice Walker make it possible to bring words and emotions to voices and events that are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to aRead MoreAnalysis Of Silko s Yellow Woman And Walker s Everyday Use2041 Words   |  9 Pagesdrawn to traditions of the past. First, I will show how identity is a common factor in both stories and plays such a large role in connecting the main characters and their past traditions. Second, I will illustrate how both stories are linked to symbolism, which will give proof to my claim that they are inherently drawn to their past traditions. Finally, I will show that the use of irony plays a part in both storie s and is another example of being inherently drawn to traditions of the past. LeslieRead MoreFinding Your Voice: an Analysis of the Color Purple1864 Words   |  8 PagesFinding Your Voice: An Analysis of The Color Purple â€Å"Who do you think you is? he say... Look at you. You black, you pore, you ugly, you a woman. Goddam, he say, you nothing at all.† (187) Alice Walker, the author of The Color Purple, focuses on the struggles of a poor and uneducated African American girl, who is verbally, physically and sexually abused by several men in her life. She feels worthless and becomes completely submissive. Her only way to express her feelings is through private

Position of Women in India Free Essays

â€Å"Savitri fought with the God of Death (Yama) and succeeded in getting her husband back to life. Can you find any instance in the scriptures or history where a husband was prepared to do sacrifice for his wife? If the wife is dead, he is ready to have a second marriage. Such unfair things are happening in the world in respect of women. We will write a custom essay sample on Position of Women in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now † -: Sathya Sai (Volume 31, Chapter 14 ‘Glory Of Womanhood’) When we look at the Hindu mythology we see that women are supposed to be treated as Goddesses. One of the most popular festivals of Hindus is the ‘Navratra’ in which Hindus worship Goddess Durga (the worrier goddess), Goddess Lakshmi (the goddess of wealth and prosperity) and Goddess Saraswati (the goddess of Knowledge and Arts). On the last day of this festival, the daughters of the house are worshiped. But still in India we see that our society has grown so favorable towards the males. Hindu’s, even after referring to the daughters as Devi (goddess), expect a widow to jump on the pyre of the husband, a practice known as Sati. Dowry is still date given (even after being criminalized) to the groom at the time of marriage. The Gender imbalance can be traced down to Manusmriti in 200 B. C. which lays down the duties of a woman. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. † . The Manusmriti were used as a model for the framing of the Dharmashastra, which later became the local laws. Thus we can see the position of women in India today is because of century old traditions and customs. Even though the Constitution of India promotes gender equality through the notion of Equality and secularism providing a framework to treat all its citizens equal and commands that no discrimination should be made on the bases of one’s gender , gender discrimination still exists due to the presence of various personal laws. In recent years, India has witnessed many reforms for example the abolishment of sati and criminalizing sex determination. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (HSA) amends and codifies the law relating to intestate succession among Hindus and aims to lay down a uniform law of uccession whereby attempt has been made to ensure equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters. It applies to all Hindus including Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs’ . The section 6 of the act is as follows: ‘Devolution of interest of coparcenary property. – When a male Hindu dies after the commencement of this Act, having at the time of his death an interest in a Mitakshara coparcenary property, his interest in the property shall devolve by survivorship upon the surviving members of the coparcenary and not in accordance with this Act. Provided that, if the deceased had left him surviving a female relative specified in class 1 of the Schedule or a male relative specified in that class who claims through such female relative, the interest of the deceased in the Mitakshara coparcenary property shall devolve by testamentary or intestate succession, as the case may be, under this Act and not by survivorship. Explanation 1. For the purposes of this section, the interest of a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to be the share in the property that would have been allotted to him if a partition of the property had taken place immediately before his death, irrespective of whether he was entitled to claim partition or not. Explanation 2. – Nothing contained in the proviso to this section shall be construed as enabling a person who has separated himself from the coparcenary before the death of the deceased or any of his heirs to claim on intestacy a share in the interest referred to therein. For example, F (th e farther who had an interest in the coparcenary property) has two sons A B (who are also the members of the coparcenary) and a daughter D. In such a case on the death of A, D will get only 1/3 share from the share of A in the coparcenary property. While the sons A and B will get 1/3 +1/9 each. But this act remained under controversy as the laws of inheritance gave preference only class I heirs in a joint Hindu family. This included only the male members and excluded women. Due to this women of the family could not inherit the family ancestral property. But even before the amendment took place, in states like Maharashtra, and Karnataka, women were given equal rights. Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 For a very long time female members of the family were not considered a coparcener. The family property was divided only amongst the male members of the family. But then thanks to the feminist movements in India, the law commission of India submitted its 174th report in the year 2000: â€Å"Property Rights of Women: Proposed Reform under the Hindu Law†. In this report it was suggested that female members of the family should be included under the list of coparcenary thus giving them the right to inherit property. As a result of this report and other feminist movements, the Hindu Succession Act was amended and the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 came into force from 9th September 2005 ‘section 6 (l). Devolution of interest in coparcenary property. 1) On and from the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, in a Joint Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law, the daughter of a coparcener shall,– (a) by birth become a coparcener in her own right the same manner as the son ; (b) have the same rights in the coparcenary property as she would have had if she had been a son; (c) be subject to the same liabilities in respect of the said coparcenary property as that of a son, and any reference to a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to include a reference to a daughter of a coparcener: Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall affect or invalidate any disposition or alienation including any partition or testamentary disposition of property which had taken place before the 20th day of December, 2004. 2) Any property to which a female Hindu becomes entitled by virtue of subsection (1) shall be held by her with the incidents of coparcenary ownership and shall be regarded, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or any other law for the time being in force in, as property capable of being disposed of by her by testamentary disposition. (3) Where a Hindu dies after the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, his interest in the property of a Joint Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law, shall devolve by testamentary or intestate succession, as the case may be, under this Act and not by survivorship, and the coparcenary property shall be deemed to have been divided as if a partition had taken place and,- a) the daughter is allotted the same share as is allotted to a son (b) the share of the pre-deceased son or a pre-deceased daughter, as they would have got had they been alive at the time of partition, shall be allotted to the surviving child of such pre-deceased son or of such pre-deceased daughter; and (c) the share of the pre-deceased child of a pre-deceased son or of a predeceased daughter, as such child would have got had he or she been alive at the time of the partition, shall be allotted to the child of such pre-deceased child of the pre-deceased so or a pre-deceased daughter, as the case may be. Explanation. — For the purposes of this sub-section, the interest of a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to be the share in the property that would have been allotted to him if a partition of the property had taken place immediately before his death, irrespective of whether he was entitled to claim partition or not. 4) After the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, no court shall recognize any right to proceed against a son, grandson or great-grandson for the recovery of any debt due from his father, grandfather or great-grandfather solely on the ground of the pious obligation under the Hindu law, of such son, grandson or great-grandson to discharge any such debt: Provided that in the case of any debt contracted before the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, nothing contained in this sub-section shall affect– (a) the right of any creditor to proceed against the son, grandson or great-grandson, as the case may be; or (b) any alienation made in respect of or in satisfaction of, any such debt, and any such right or alienation shall be enforceable under the rule of pious obligation in the same manner and to the same extent as it would have been enforceable as if the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 had not been enacted. Explanation. For the purposes of clause (a), the expression â€Å"son†, â€Å"grandson† or â€Å"great-grandson† shall be deemed to refer to the son, grandson or great-grandson, as the case may be, who was born or adopted prior to the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005. 5) Nothing contained in this section shall apply to a partition, which has been effected before the 20th day of December 2004. Explanation- For the purposes of this section â€Å"partition† means any partition made by execution of a deed of partition duly registered under the Registration Act, 1908 or partition affected by a decree of a court’ The main objective of this act was to include women in the category of coparcenaries so that even the female members could inherit property under any circumstances which could lead to a situation of where the family property is being divided amongst its members . The author submits that this amendment gave women the right they deserv ed and which had been denied from the very beginning. This amendment also opposes Section 23 of the original act, suggesting omission of the same as it does not permit any female heir to ask for a partition. In the earlier act only a male heir could chose to have a partition. The amendment on the other hand does not interfere with the special rights of those who are members of Hindu coparcenary except to provide rules and certain other regulations for division of interest of a deceased male. The Author also submits that the anomalies which still persist are because of the retention of the core essence of the Mitakshara joint property system. The system believed that making daughter coparceners would affect the share of other Class I female heirs like the deceased’s widow and mother. This would be because the coparcenary’s share would in fact come from the Class I female heirs. Another problem is the fact that coparcenary remains a primary entitlement of the males in the house. By this system the male heir is put before the female heir as this legal set up provides that the male heirs should inherit an additional independent share over and above what they inherit with the female heirs. In the case of a ‘Hindu female dying without a will; her property divides first to her husband’s heirs, then to husband’s father’s heirs and finally only to mother’s heirs; more or less this property of a Hindu female is well kept and maintained within her husband’s hold. ’ . How to cite Position of Women in India, Papers

Contemporary Management for Apple Inc. and Amazon - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Management for Apple Inc. and Amazon. Answer: Introduction This essay throws a light on the leadership style of two big multinational companies who have become the market leader in their respective market segment. The multinational companies that will be discussed are Apple Inc. and Amazon. The leaders of both the companies have a different style of management and established different ways of achieving the organizational goals. Leadership has become one of the most important which drives a modern day organization towards success. The two companies operate in the global market and have a culture that is diverse in nature. The two companies function very differently, Tim Cook the current CEO of the company named Apple Inc. follows the democratic form of leadership while Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon follows a leadership style, which is transformative in nature (Giltinane 2013). Even though they have differences in their leadership style, they have produced great results for their respective companies. The next part of the essay will describe the leadership of this two industry giants and its effects on the culture of the organization. Leadership style of Apple Inc. Apple has always followed the autocratic style of leadership during the period of Steve Jobs, which has provided great results for the company. The company had become one of the most profitable organizations under Steve Jobs (Hendriks and Karsten 2014). However, after the demise of the Charismatic leader like Steve Jobs the company has been taken over Tim Cook. Tim Cook has modified the style of leadership followed by Steve jobs and made some changes to nit. Tim Cook has adapted to the democratic style of leadership, which has some practices of the autocratic style of leadership followed by the company. Tim Cook has proven to be very successful and is considered as one of the bet5s leaders in the world (Dumdum, Lowe and Avolio 2013). The stock prices of the company have risen after Cook has taken over from the legend Steve Jobs and has become the first company to capitalize the market to such extent. The democratic form of leadership encourages employees to give inputs. The higher up s tries to provide guidance to the employees by accepting suggestions from them. This helps the employees to feel important as they are being considered an integral part of the company(McCleskey 2014). This style of leadership is highly popular and is being followed by a lot of companies in the market. The organizational structure of the company has been changed and there are no mid level managers. The higher ups and the lower level of managers perform the task performed by the mid level managers. Organizational culture and performance The company has made a remarkable progress and has become one of the major companies in the world. The credit is always been given to Steve Jobs but after his demise the company has made even more progress under the leadership of Tim Cook. Evangelism is one of the main aspects of the corporate culture of the organization where the organization have hired people for the promotion of their product (Vann, Coleman and Simpson 2014). This is one of the most common practices of the company where the employees use word of mouth to promote the products offered by the company. The company is trying to gain the confidence of the consumers and is trying to create a cult. The employees share their belief with the consumers and other people who influence the people take liking for the brand. These practices have helped the company to create a customer base, which is very loyal and has emerged as the market leader in this particular market segment (Sandoval and Apple 2014). The motivational type o f leadership followed by the company has made the employees zealous and dedicated who provide good reviews about the company to the outside world. The inputs of the employees are very important to the company and they are encouraged to speak their mind. The input of each people will help the company to create a business model that is more effective and the company will be able to gain a competitive advantage over the other competitors in the market. This helps the employees to grow and creates a sense of belonging among them. Moreover, this helps to improve the loyalty of the employees, which will act as a positive for the growth of the organization (Richtel and Chen 2014). Thus, the company has been able to create an organizational culture, which nurtures the present employees to improve their skills to become a contributing member in the organization. The company has created a culture which is innovative, fast paced and collaborative which is helping the organization to improve th e operational productivity in the organization. The company is known for its innovation and this innovation has lead the company to the process of path breaking innovation. The organization is culturally diverse in nature and the company makes sure that the needs of the employees are looked and they are provided with benefits (Rogers and Lee 2016). The employees are provided with continuous training, which helps to grow individually and in turn help the organization. Changes in leadership style There is no correct way of leadership and the modern leaders will have to be dynamic in applying the leadership style. The leadership style has to be changed depending on the needs of the organization and that is the sole reason that Tim Cook has kept some of the practices followed by Steve Jobs (Umar 2015). There are such instance here the autocratic leadership style is required and there are some instances where the laissez faire is used to identify the hidden potential within the employees. The leadership that the company can adapt to is the transformative style of leadership. The transformative style of leadership is considered as the leadership for the future and the company can utilize to transform the whole working environment. Various research suggest that the employees are motivated by this kind of leadership style. The company can earn more profit if they adapt some f the features of the transformative type of leadership. Leadership Style of Amazon The company has through a lot of changes when the external and the internal environment of the company is considered. The company believes in the transformative type of leadership, which has helped the organization to expand their e commerce at such a level. Jeff Bezos the founder and the CEO of the organization has implemented tools to improve the internal management of the organization. Bezos believes that it takes to gain growth and it is a gradual process (Stone 2013). The company who is able to identify and determine the needs of the consumers will gain a competitive advantage in the market. Amazon is able to do this perfectly due to the guidance provided by their leader. Bezos is farsighted and is able to predict the changes in the market trends, which has given the company a competitive advantage in the market (Fuller, Galvin and Ashforth 2017). Thus, it can be seen that the company has implemented a transformational type of leadership, which has helped the company become the market leader in this segment. Organizational performance and culture The leadership style of the company is focused on the consumers while the other competitors are focused on the competitors in the market. The strategies of the company are made customer centric, which helps the company to customize the products depending on the needs of the consumers (Furr and Dyer 2014). The company believes in taking risk because the return will be higher when the risk is high. The culture in the organization is very competitive and the employees are evaluated on the basis of their performance. The company has developed immense competition among the employee, which has made the culture as a struggle for survival. The company fires employees who are unable to perform to the level set and the attrition rate in the company is very high (Kantor and Streitfeld 2015.). The average length of stay of an employee in the organization is one year, which shows that it is quite tough to survive in this organization. The progresses of the employees are regularly monitored and th ey are forced to criticize one another for their mistakes. This has generated fear among the employees and the employees are bound to sabotage each other. The organization culture is inhumane and hampers the personal welfare of the employees in the organization. The company uses purposeful Darwinism, which make the employee struggle very badly (Mattone and Vaidya 2016). Amazon has been able to make this type of management work but there are many companies who have failed. There are some companies who have changed their leadership style because it is against the moral code of ethics. The company has divided the employees in three categories, which included the high performers, average performers and the underperformers. The employees who are exceptional performers are highly rewarded while the average performers are allowed to keep their jobs (Kelloway et al. 2017). The underperformers in the company are immediately fired and this has created a fear among the employees. The employees in the organization have become de motivated and it has affected their personal lives. The true potential of lot of employees cannot be discovered due to this method and there are lot of employees who quit. There is no bonding among the various and the company has developed a sense of animosity among the employees. Changes in leadership style The leadership style of the company has to be changed otherwise the company may lose its sustainability. The company is able to acquire new employees because of their good reputation in the market but eventually no one will join the company as an employee. The leadership style company should adapt to is the democratic type of leadership and stopping this purposeful Darwinism (Kantor and Streitfeld 2015). The employees in an organization are assets to the organization and they should be motivated so that they can improve the productivity of the company. However, the company has failed to do so and the employees in the organization are not at all pleased with what they are going through at the current period. Many researchers for using such practices so the best leadership style for the company is democratic form of leadership have criticized the company. The employees should be free to speak and give new ideas to the higher ups; this will help the company to attain sense of belonging within the organization (Skogstad et al. 2014). The employees will regain their motivation level and will be more productive. The company should be more focused on innovation and creating a team which can work together. The inputs taken from various employees will help the company to improve their business model and gain a competitive advantage in the market. This method is very needed to maintain the sustainability in the organization. Moreover, the company will have to make sure that the higher ups are easily accessible by the lower level of employees so that they can understand the goals and objectives of the organization (Furr and Dyer 2014). Conclusion thus, after the evaluation of the leadership system of both the companies it can be identified that even though both of them are unique in nature they have been able to grab a large of share in the market. However, one type of leadership is not enough to mitigate all the problems in the organization and both the companies will have to be flexible so that they can solve all the problems. Apple Inc. does not need much of a change but there are lot of problems emerging in Amazon. The company will have to mitigate all the problems unless it will be difficult for the company maintain their sustainability. The modern industry is changing rapidly and so the human resource management system of a company will have to be changed accordingly. This will help the company to cope with the changes in the industry, The organizational culture of Apple Inc. is dynamic and the company is open to changes so it will not be problem for the company. However, Amazon has been very stringent about the rules a nd regulations followed by the company that may cause a problem later on. Reference Giltinane, C.L., 2013. Leadership styles and theories.Nursing Standard,27(41), pp.35-39. Hendriks, F. and Karsten, N., 2014. Theory of democratic leadership.P.'t Hart R. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political leadership, pp.41-56. Dumdum, U.R., Lowe, K.B. and Avolio, B.J., 2013. A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 39-70). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Vann, B.A., Coleman, A.N. and Simpson, J.A., 2014. Development of the Vannsimpco leadership survey: a delineation of hybrid leadership styles.Swiss Business School Journal of Applied Business Research,3, pp.28-38. Sandoval, Y. and Apple, F.S., 2014. The global need to define normality: the 99th percentile value of cardiac troponin.Clinical chemistry,60(3), pp.455-462. Richtel, M. and Chen, B.X., 2014. Tim Cook-Making Apple His Own.New York Times, Technology,15. Rogers, D. and Lee, R., 2016. Strategic opportunities and decision making.MHD Supply Chain Solutions,46(2), p.40. Umar, A.M., 2015. LEADERSHIP AND CHANGE.LEADERSHIP. Stone, B., 2013.The everything store: Jeff Bezos and the age of Amazon. Random House. Fuller, P.J., Galvin, B.M. and Ashforth, B.E., 2017. Larger than life: Narcissistic organizational identification in leadership.Organizational Dynamics. Furr, N.R. and Dyer, J., 2014.The Innovator's Method: Bringing the Lean Startup Into Your Organization. Harvard Business Press. Kantor, J. and Streitfeld, D., 2015. Inside Amazon: Wrestling big ideas in a bruising workplace.New York Times,15, pp.74-80. Mattone, J. and Vaidya, N., 2016. The Six Critical Steps to Transforming Your Culture.Cultural Transformations: Lessons of Leadership and Corporate Reinvention, pp.17-36. Kelloway, E.K., Gilbert, S., Fraccaroli, F. and Sverke, M., 2017. Does It Matter Who Leads Us?: The Study of Organizational Leadership.An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective, pp.192-211. Skogstad, A., Hetland, J., Glas, L. and Einarsen, S., 2014. Is avoidant leadership a root cause of subordinate stress? Longitudinal relationships between laissez-faire leadership and role ambiguity.Work Stress,28(4), pp.323-341.

Marketing Strategy

Executive summary The basis of this report is information on the shoes used by trainees to achieve success of maintaining personal fitness. The report involves evaluating the marketing strategy used by Guangzhou Kala health shoes Technology Company Limited in China.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It suggests solutions for ensuring development and improvement of the company. The purpose of this report is to investigate and analyze the marketing strategy using marketing tools and techniques, SWOT analyzes, market segmentation and positioning, competitors performance and marketing mix of the company. It will also recommend the changes in marketing strategy to be made by the firm to improve the competitive position of the firm in the industry. It also shows the benefits of marketing tactics and strategies of other successful organizations. Introduction Gang Li u owns Guangzhou Kala health shoes Technology Company Limited. The company specializes in the manufacture, retailing and distributor of height increasing shoes, massage slipper, healthy slipper and sandal boots in its main markets in North America, Eastern Europe and South East Asia among others worldwide (Made in china, 2011, par.1). The company has more than 1000 employees specialized in research, development, production and marketing of health shoes. It has been in the market for over 10 years with the brand names of Nike, Reebok, Puma, Adidas and K-Swiss. It has 180 stores in china (Venture navigator 2010, par.1). Current Strategies The company has been offering its products or services to the market for ten years. The analyst had to ensure that the company had already established its own market internationally and had the capability of surviving in the market. The marketing strategy evaluation and analysis suggests the ideal progress of the company and recommendations are to im prove the company’s performance and competitiveness.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their volume of annual sales had improved drastically given increased product distribution hence evidence that it will continue penetrating into the market and make more profits (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Objectives of the Company The firm has various objectives including provision of quality products and services that attract and maintain more customers from their competitors by satisfying and ensuring their customers hence maintaining the relationship and meeting expectations. The company aims at using technology and innovation that improves modern enterprise management systems by developing unique products and services and increasing customer awareness. Lastly, it aims at establishing people-oriented concepts by learning and understanding customer needs and while increasing its value (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Situational Analysis.  Pestle Analysis.  Political factors The company’s location in China has created many issues and changes in the company due to the laws and regulations, global changes, data protection and the legislation of the country. There is a lot of corruption and collapse of the government representatives to the laws and regulations set by the government. The government representatives unite with the criminals to cause crimes to the expatriates and property thus limiting growth and development of the company. There is no transparency in the government laws and regulations forcing the company to be alert on the laws and regulations surrounding the company and to learn from the experience of other companies to avoid additional operational costs especially in research. The government imposes restrictions on exports and imports using measures such as high taxation on smuggled goods to protect business investments. The count ry experiences frequent natural disasters leading to losses whenever the company is affected.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic factors People in modern areas have a higher disposable income than those in the rural areas limiting the market share of the company to the urban centre. Unequal GDP and development in the country reduces the development and growth of the company operations due to low turnover and revenue. The prices of goods and services are very high due to increased costs of transportation and raw materials. The national income comes from high taxation of businesses because most of the people in the country face financial hardships and are unable to generate enough revenue to cater for the government expenditure. Social-cultural factors There is high rural-urban migration leading to high unemployment and insecurity in urban areas in Chi na. The workers are unpaid for their services and refute free labor unions and channels of appeal. These problems have led to frequent protests and demonstrations in urban areas disrupting business operations. The country has a big gap between the rich and the poor resulting to a wide gap in education and living standards. There are high-income earners in the country who have the potential of purchasing goods without financial limitations. The country has a variety of customs and beliefs that are essential for the growth of the company. Increased insecurity in the country limits foreign investors thus reducing competition in the market. Technological Factors The country is facing difficulties of water and power shortages. Power rationing measures occur when there is high demand for products and services thus minimizing utilization of production resources. The low level of education limits technology development in the country. Only the few educated are able to carry out technical ac tivities. SWOT Analysis Strengths The company motivates its workers by paying their salaries fairly and as required. It produces a variety of unique and quality personal fitness shoes that are affordable by all classes of people.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has created good reputation in the country and internationally due to its good relationship between the consumers, other companies, and the local government safeguarding its image during disputes and marketing activities. The company is able to hire qualified and skilled employees. It has 1000 expertise in investigation, improvement and invention of its products and services. The company has a total annual sales volume of US$ 50 to 100million and an export percentage of 61% to 70% (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Weaknesses Guangzhou Kala health shoes Technology Company Ltd is able to produce only height increasing shoes, massage slippers, healthy slippers, and sandal boots hence the need to innovate more brands to meet customer needs and wants (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Opportunities The company can easily grow due to its market establishment in developed countries such as the North America. Its brand names are famous and prosperous among many nations thus enhancing its brand im age. The restrictions of the government laws on smuggling goods gives the company an advantage over its competitors since its quality of products and services maintains. There is increased need for personal fitness globally hence; the company has a greater chance of improving its profits (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Threats The poor economic status of the country and the high taxation of revenue by the government reduce the company’s profits and capabilities. There is increased competition from other personal fitness shoes producers in the world by producing better products and services and establishing dominant markets for example, the Reebok Company (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Differential advantage/competitive edge (USP) The company produces unique and quality products that differentiate the company products and services from its competitors. Their products are very important in personal fitness trainer’s institutions since they reflect a lot in customer benefits . Its efforts to understand consumer needs and wants of personal fitness globally has generated a bigger market share and advanced the profits of the company (Made in china, 2011, par.1). Segmentation targeting and Positioning (STP) Segmentation Segmentation divides the company’s target markets into different sectors. Segmentation is important to the company to improve its profits and market strategies by understanding their customer needs that attract and maintain them from the company’s competitors. The company’s establishment and progress has majored on behavioral and geographic segmentation (Doole, 2008, p.197). Behavioral Segmentation A good example for this form is a case in which customers make purchases based on the benefits they get from the product, level of usage of the product, level of loyalty, user status and level of their readiness to purchase (Doole, 2008, p.198). The company has discovered the rising need and demand for personal fitness in many countries due to the increased health problems and activities. They used shoes since personal fitness shoes are much different from the normal unhealthy shoes. This has led to the increase in their penetration in the market since the consumers are willing to buy the shoes at any cost and time. The personal fitness trainers also advise their customers on the shoes to use to keep fit (Dance, 2009, par.1). Geographic Segmentation The company has its main markets in North America, Eastern Europe, South East Asia, Africa and Mid East Asia. This segmentation has enabled the company to develop appropriate marketing strategies and decisions regarding its brands and multinational business progress. It has established 180 stores in China (Made in china, 2011, para.2). Positioning The idea of positioning is relates to the way consumers perceive and evaluate products and services. Consumers rank the features and attributes of the product against those of the competitors. The company’s a bility to identify the need for shoes personal fitness has enabled the company to be different from its competitors. The company uses shoes to attract consumers who seek personal training and making them get comfort and the necessary fitness they need. This has enabled the company to attract and maintain their own customers and that of competitors through the benefits derived from the product. The company has established international markets that are in developed countries enabling the company to maximize its profits. This has enabled the company to increase its total sales volume drastically (Made in china, 2011, par.2). Marketing Objectives and Goals (SMART) The company aims at enlarging its market worldwide by ensuring accessibility to products and communication. It evaluates and analyzes its markets to reflect on the changes necessary in the business. Individual branding differentiates their products through creating a products image and unique identity. This helps to distingui sh its products from that of the competitors. The company keeps on evaluating and understanding the government laws and regulations to make investment decisions to avoid disagreements during their market operations. This helps the company to reduce unnecessary costs on losses. The company wants to increase awareness of its products through advertisement and public relations. It started with trade shows in the end of October to the beginning of November 2011. Marketing Strategies and Programmes (4P’s) Marketing mix designs to respond to the cultural diversity and complexity resulting from the marketing environment. Due to the challenges experienced and threats of perception as a less competitive producer, the marketer requires creating a program that registers the maximum possible impact in its target markets (Doole 2008, p.187) Price The company uses variable pricing and promotional pricing. The variable pricing helps the organization to set prices according to the level of d emand and quality of the product. Since the product is for leisure, the prices are slightly higher than prices of other essential products due to the high demand and lower than the price of competitors due to the sensitivity of market. Promotional pricing is a technical pricing reduction process used by the company to give discounts, special offers, vouchers, pay later and interest free credit to their customers. This company is determined to maximize its current profits to grow globally, maintain price leadership to compete effectively with competitors in the market to ensure its survival and penetration into the global market (Made in china, 2011, par.3). Product The product’s quality has attracted the attention of consumers. Due to the increased competition in the market for personal fitness shoes, the company has taken into consideration creating unique and quality products. The company responds to the customer needs and preferences by designing height-increasing shoes to be used for personal fitness training. The customers have responded by increasing their purchase of the products as indicated by the increase in the total annual sales volume (Made in china, 2011, par.3). Place The company exports more than 60% of its products making it an international company. This makes decisions more complex for the company hence demands for more coordination of the flow of goods and raw materials across the target markets to ensure superior customer service in foreign and local markets. The company has reporting offices, foreign branches and retailers to ensure control of its markets (Made in china, 2011, par.3). Promotions The company attends to diverse issues that affect effective communication about its brands in foreign and local markets. The company understands legal and segmentation constraints in its target markets to make promotion decisions. The company uses promotional tools such as giving out toys as gifts and research on the progress of the company . They use techniques such as trade shows, website promotions, email marketing, press releases, and newsletters for example, â€Å"The New York Times† (Marketing Find, 2005, para.1). Conclusion The company has tried to penetrate the market quickly since it has only ten tears since its establishment and has managed to be a global corporation. Its products are essential to the society in helping its consumers keep fit. Health benefits are one of the most important things in consumers hence the company has higher chances of greater market share in the future. The poor economic status of China has encouraged the company to seek international markets in order to improve its profit. The company uses a uniform global focus for all its markets to attain a global market perception and image irrespective of the origin of the product. Recommendations The company should make minor adjustments on the packaging and labeling of its products to cater for the diversity of languages, culture a nd climate. The company should focus on producing and availing its products to the target market to attract and maintain more customers from its competitors. The company should conduct frequent and effective evaluation and analysis of their target market segments in order to make informed decisions on productivity and operations in the markets (Ferrel, 2008, p.311). The company should also understand the right mode of entry to use while venturing into foreign and local market in order to determine the amount of control they have on those markets. This would enable the company to focus on its SWOT analysis to create a superior advantage over its market and competitors (Bennett, 2002, p. 194). The company should approach its target markets in a gradual manner to reduce the risks of losses and increase its knowledge and performance of the target markets. The company should analyze its marketing mix to facilitate effective participation in the target markets to ensure survival and susta inability in the local and foreign market (Hoffman, 2008, p. 3). Marketers should be in a position to face the challenges of ensuring high levels of competitiveness in the foreign markets. This pressure for globalization presents an image of a highly globalized producer. While confronting these challenges, the marketer increases the knowledge and understanding of the target market enabling the firm to create marketing programs and plans of the local cultural conditions that shape the needs and wants of their customers (Haasen, 2003, p. 26). The company should be careful in allocating part of its budgets to ensure all its activities compete effectively to avoid loosing its customers to the competitors. The product marks the starting point of the procedures of the business hence it should reflect the customers’ expectations and be able to attract the attention of customers in the market. The company should use vivid advertisement to create awareness to reach a vast number of pe ople at the same time. This helps to boost customer turnover very fast if communication is good and effective. The employees of the firm should get involved in creation of effective marketing programs to enable them understand their roles within the marketing process (Kotler, 2008, p.29). The marketing programs should include motivation, coordination, education, and communication of the company’s employees. The company should focus on the key elements of the exchange process to create customer satisfaction, the organization and even the society. This helps to bring out the desired objectives and determine the implementation of the trading programs by enhancing the knowledge of the company’s products or services mix, increasing the pride of the company’s products and services, creating awareness of the opportunities for new products and services and business development, and helps improve the company’s marketing skills (Turner, 2003, p.105). It is importan t that the company embrace control and consistency in its markets to ensure successful programs, for example, successful promotional programs achieves because of an integrated marketing programs and definition of marketing and communication objectives (Barker, 2005, p.183). The marketer should understand the cultural expectations of their customers to allow them to adapt quickly to the product characteristics. The company should maintain and improve its technology and innovation to ensure it keeps pace with the changes and demands of its customers. It is important for marketing managers to understand different customer attitudes towards price and perception of quality in determining price levels. This is because consumers rely heavily on price to make judgment on quality of a product or service when they have little or no information about the product (Hoffman. 2007, p. 2). The company should pass promotional messages frequently to inform, educate, and remind customers of their prod ucts and services. The marketers should analyze the information from the market and evaluate each marketing mix element with a view of indicating the relevant areas where adjustments are required. Marketers are keen at this stage to utilize resources to attain the maximum favorable impact within the specified periods (Hoffman, 2008, p. 2). References Barker, R. 2005, Integrated organizational communication, London: Juta and Company Limited, p.183. Bennett, R. 2002, International marketing: strategy planning, market entry implementation, New York: Kogan Page Publishers, p. 194. Dance, 2009, Adult dance fitness and performing arts. Dance 101, Atlanta. Web. Doole, I. 2008, International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementation, Dublin City: Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 187. Ferrel, O. 2008, Marketing strategy, New York: Cengage Learning. p. 311. Haasen, A. 2003, New corporate cultures that motivate, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. Hoffman, S. 2007, How Do Motivation and Leadership Affect the Corporate Culture of Multinational Firms, Black Rock City: GRIN Verlag. p. 2. Hoffman, S. 2008, Are the four p’s of international marketing of equal importance to all firms. What factors might cause some to more or less important than others: a short article, Black Rock City: GRIN Verlag. p. 2, 3. Kotler, P. 2011, Marketing insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know, New York: John Wiley and sons, p. 26, 29. Made in china, 2011, Connecting buyers with china suppliers, Focus Technology Company Limited, Oklahoma City. Web. Marketing Find, 2005, Web marketing promotional tools and techniques. Marketing Find Inc, Oklahoma City. Web. Turner, P. 2003, Organizational communication: the role of the HR professional, Birmingham: CIPD Publishing. p. 105. Venture navigator, 2010, Individual branding, The Business Edge Consortium, Kansas City. Web. This assessment on Marketing Strategy was written and submitted by user Olivia Watkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Marketing Strategy

How does Shakespeare present the relationship between ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early part of the play Essays

How does Shakespeare present the relationship between ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early part of the play Essays How does Shakespeare present the relationship between ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early part of the play Paper How does Shakespeare present the relationship between ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early part of the play Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet In the 16th century a patriarchal society, where men dominated women, meant that women had very little say in marriages. When Shakespeare first introduced ‘Romeo and Juliet’ for the first time their type of relationship was unheard of and controversial. Arranged marriages were very common at the time depending on your social status and love had no meaning. Women had no rights and were viewed as the ‘property’ of the husband. Men also had no respect for women and often raided other villages for wives. At the time marrying at the age of 12 appeared to be normal, however now is frowned at, yet viewing this from an undeveloped, cultural country would still appear to be normal. Shakespeare presented relationships by the way the characters interacted, using dramatic devices and also further enhanced it with the backdrop feud. The males in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ are usually portrayed as aggressive, competitive and violent; on the other hand women being the weaker and subordinate sex are dominated by the male. ‘Tis true; and therefore women being the weaker vessels, are ever thrust to the wall;† From this scene you can see that women are being seen as weak and are not worth the males time so will be pushed up against the wall. Women are perceived as the males ‘property’ and are expected to listen to them without question. Also the males are the more dominant gender throughout the play. Shakespeare was presenting the play as it was; the stereotypical image of men being boisterous and women who had no right or owned anything. Shakespeare portrayed Romeo and Juliet as equal instead of the stereotypical imbalance of equality of the 16th century. At the beginning of the play you can see a disheartened Romeo. He thinks he has fallen in love with Rosaline when in actual fact he hasn’t. â€Å"Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate! † Romeo is depicted as a ‘typical Petrarchan lover’ where he loves Rosaline but she doesn’t love him back because she wanted to remain a celibate. Romeo does not actually love Rosaline as when he later meets Juliet he forgets Rosaline very quickly and shows a more passionate love towards Juliet. Shakespeare emphasises Romeo’s love by using an oxymoron, which creates a paradoxical image in the readers mind confusing them and generates a new concept or meaning. Romeo’s relationship with Juliet was love at first sight. Their love for each other was passionate instead of being forced like it usually was at the time. â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this†. The social context at the time meant that love marriage wasn’t common however Romeo and Juliet immediately fall in love when they first meet each other. Juliets love for Romeo is innocent as she is inexperienced in the topic of love, whereas Romeo falls in and out of love easily and immediately wants to marry her. Romeo compares Juliet to a holy shrine and offers his lips as pilgrims to kiss her. Here, Shakespeare is using religious imagery to show that their love for each other is pure and good. He is also subverting the gender roles, undermining the established social context, where the male is dominant but here Juliet is the more dominant character. The famous balcony scene from ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is one of the most romantic scenes in the play. â€Å"It is the east and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon†. Here Romeo is comparing Juliet to a sun; he is saying that she is a bright angel and more beautiful than the moon. Previously Juliet was compared to a shrine and now to a sun portraying how Romeo feels for Juliet and how what position he has for Juliet in his heart. Furthermore, Shakespeare is using a metaphor to portray that everything revolves around Juliet and she is a life-force. Again, Shakespeare is subverting the gender roles; he is making Juliet the powerful character. You can see this by the positioning of Romeo, on the ground, and Juliet higher up than him, in the balcony, symbolising she is more dominant. Further proof of this is Juliet making daring actions, such as asking Romeo to marry her. To conclude the significant thing I notice is the context during which the play was written. It was ground-breaking in the sense of how Shakespeare presented relationships and gender roles and portrayed them so realistically. It was rare for such a play to be released with such passionate romance. Personally, this play has highlighted how lucky we are in the modern society, to be able to have the freedom to fall in love with who we want. However, the fact remains that this still is an on-going problem in third world countries where they are retaining the tradition of arranged marriages. So this cannot come as a shock because gender stereotypes still exist in cultural families, even though we are unaware of it living in a developed modern society.

Has no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Has no topic - Essay Example What was particularly revolutionary about this political movement was the achievement of liberty, dignity, and self-representation. Still many others opinion that the American Revolution cannot be considered as mighty a revolution as the ones witnessed in France or China because a true revolution results in distribution of power and demolition of old law and order which cannot be safely said about the American Revolution. The purpose of this essay is to contemplate the nature of the American Revolution in order to identify what was really revolutionary about it and what was not. Masses of North American settlers in this historical event gathered to break free from the British Empire in order to give themselves a proper and dignified identity. In order to fulfill this noble purpose, thirteen colonies in North America invested prodigious amounts of hard work and enthusiasm as a consequence of which the United States of America came into existence. This makes this critically important m ovement a true revolution because it gave the Americans that glorious identity which forms the hallmark of any nation. No nation in the world can claim to have any solid power without the safety of self-representation and independence. ... This movement should be considered truly revolutionary because it formed a defining moment in American history and effectively changed the pattern of life that would be lived by generations of Americans afterwards. It would not be a hyperbolic statement if said that this very revolution often forms any American child’s first encounter with history which says much about the credibility, authority, and influence of this historical movement. The Americans who participated in this late 18th century revolution were quite determined and defiant revolutionaries. Though they were loyal to the system of English law, still they wanted all their rights appropriately recognized and the right of independence made to top of the list. The unity between North Americans who started the movement of independence and participated in the war was extremely revolutionary. It was the result of that momentous unity that scintillating light broke through the dense darkness and the British Empireâ€℠¢s tough attempts at crushing the American Revolution met failure. It was also very revolutionary that a large percentage of defiant protestors did not lose courage and become repressed when the British legislation labeled the groundbreaking efforts as provocative actions and decided to punish the colonies for claiming rights. The British rulers indisputably miscalculated the perseverance and unified power of the American revolutionaries who had neither an army nor a navy and even lacked experienced commanding officers. In contrast to the American warriors, historical evidence suggests that the British possessed a properly structured professional army and the kind of navy which could not be found anywhere else in the world (Ferling). Added to that the world’s finest weaponry left little

Threats Posed to the European Union by Al-Qaeda Militia Operating from Research Proposal

Threats Posed to the European Union by Al-Qaeda Militia Operating from Northern Africa - Research Proposal Example Research Methods. b. Advanced Arabic and French. c. Six years of legal research skills as a lawyer. d. Islamology. e. History of the Middle and North Africa. 2.2 The Discipline to Which the Project Relates This reserch project relates to the discipline of history and political science; in fact, this discipline has a significant relation rediscovering the past and retelling history. There are numerous works that have been developed in the discipline of historical reflection. Furthermore, political sceince is self-understanding on issues regaridng interlationships between countries and activities by a group within a country that has effect on other countries. 3. RESEARCH PROJECT 3.1 Description of Research Topic This project focuses on exploring issues regarding terrorism operations; in fact, there are theories, which are developed by this study, which are focused on fostering understanding of terrorism studies. On the other hand, this study borrows ideas from other related fields and theoretical ideas in relation to terrorism activities or various groups such as Al-Qaeda militia. This study features a litrature which focuses on a given perspective is is applied on the basis of a theory focused on studying terrorism. This study will focus on studying drawing relevant ideas in the field of Jihadist terrorism, which will be based on religious background of Islam. Therefore through this ideas, the reseach will focus on achieveing the following objectives; a. Objectives i. Explore the problem caused by Al-Qaeda militia terrorism operations and challenges that are posed to European coutries. ii. Present a discussion concerning these problems based on the thories such as anarchism and ‘jihad.’ iii. The research will focus on identifying other possible reasons that can be associated to Al-Qaeda militia terrorism against European coutries. iv. Establish relevant counter terrorism operations and strategies to facilitate protection of citizens living in these European countries. In order to achieve the first objective, the reserch will focus on drawing relevant ideas from the two theories and perspectives that have been gathered in political science class. In this case, the first dimession will involve application of anarchism theory, which was advance by Karl Heinzen and Johann Most, who are the main proponents. The research will apply the Jihad perspective to explore issues regarding terrorism; in fact, this theory is atributed to Muslim extremists. The second objective will be achieved by beginning to focus on anarchism theory, based on the way it is presented through a broad range of issues that offer a definiton and differentiaton of various forms of the theory. For instance, the these forms of anarchism include individual anarchism, mutual anarchism and collective anarchism (Berkman 35). On the other hand, the research will explore the theory of Jihad, which concerns a term that is used on Islam to describe â€Å"the holy war or f ighting in the ways of Allah† (Rawshandil and Chadha 13). Therefore, this research will also seek to identify ways through which these terrorists have utilized the theory of anarchism and Jihad to cite reasons for their attacks. The research will focus on idenitfying other reasons cited by Al-Qaeda militia tojustify their operations in Northern Africa aimed at attaking European countries. For instance, there are notion that Christians are perceived to have a negative perception against Islamic

Customer Loyalty In Indian Mobile Telecommunication Services Sector Marketing Essay

Customer Loyalty In Indian Mobile Telecommunication Services Sector Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION Service organizations in India are facing tough competition in the global market because of liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy. Hence, it is helpful for service organizations to know the customer service quality perceptions in order to overcome the competitors and attract and retain the customers. Because of the globalization and liberalization of Indian economy, Indian service sector has been opened for Multinational companies. In order to overcome the competition and to retain the world class service standards, Indian companies have been forced to adopt quality management programs. Nerurkar (2000) analyzed the SERVQUAL dimensions in India and concluded that service quality should form the basis for all customer retention strategies. Services are defined as: the activities, which are involved in producing intangible products as education, entertainment, food and lodging, transportation, insurance, trade , government, financial, real estate, medical, consultancy, repair and maintenance like occupation. Quality has become a strategic tool for obtaining efficiency in operations and improved business performance (Babakus and Boller, 1992; Garvin, 1983; Phillips, Chang and Buzzell, 1983). This is true for the services sector too. Several authors have discussed the unique importance of quality to service firms and have demonstrated its positive relationship with profits, increased market share, return on investment, customer satisfaction, and future purchase intentions (Rust and Oliver, 1994). One obvious conclusion of these studies is that firms with superior quality products outperform those marketing inferior quality products. Service quality can be concisely defined as the personal experience of the customer with the service provider. Service quality is playing an increasingly important role in the present environment where there is no further scope for the companies to differentiate themselves other than the quality of the service provided by them. Delivering superior service quality than the competitors is the key for the success of any organization. But, the companies face difficulties in measuring the quality of services offered to the customers. Because unlike measuring the quality of goods, the measurement of the quality of services offered by the companies is difficult due to the three unique features of services viz. intangibility, heterogeneity, and inseparability. Hence the only way of measuring the quality of services offered by the service provider is the measurement of the customers perception of the quality of service they are experiencing from their service providers. Quality has been defined differently by various authors. Some prominent definitions include conformance to requirements (Crosby, 1990), fitness for use or one that satisfies the customer. According to production philosophy of Japan, quality has been defined as zero defects in the firms offerings. Though initial efforts in defining and measuring service quality emanated largely from the goods sector, a solid foundation for research work in the area was laid down in the mid-eighties by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985). They were amongst the earliest researchers to emphatically point out that the concept of quality prevalent in the goods sector is not extendable to the services sector. Being inherently and essentially intangible, heterogeneous, perishable and entailing simultaneity and inseparability of production and consumption, services require a distinct framework for quality explication and measurement. As against the goods sector where tangible cues exist to enable consumers to evaluate product quality, quality in the service context is explicated in terms of parameters that largely come under the domain of experience and credence properties and are as such difficult to measure and evaluate (Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry, 1985). One major contribution of Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1988) was to provide a terse definition of service quality. According to these authors service quality means relating the superiority of the service with the global judgement of a person about it and explicated it as involving evaluations of the outcome (i.e., what the customer actually receives from service) and process of service act (i.e., the manner in which service is delivered). In line with the propositions put forward by Gronroos (1984) and Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985, 1988) posited and operationalized service quality as a difference between consumer expectations of what they want and their perceptions of what they get. Based on this conceptualization and operationalization, they proposed a service quality measurement scale called SERVQUAL. Quality has become a strategic tool in obtaining efficiency in operations and improved performance in business. This is true for both the goods and services sectors. However, the problem with management of service quality in service firms is that quality is not easily identifiable and measurable due to inherent characteristics of services which make them different from goods. INDIAN TELECOM SECTOR In the year 1984, one of the members of parliament stood up and said to the erstwhile telecom minister about the pathetic state of affairs regarding the telecom services in our country. To the question posed, the minister replied that telephone is a luxury and not a necessity and if the honourable Member of Parliament is not happy with the service then he can return the connection as there were a lot of Members of Parliament waiting to get one. Getting a telephone connection was even more difficult than acquiring Maybach (one of the costliest cars in the world). The father of telecom revolution in our country was the erstwhile Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi, wherein he called Mr. Sam Pitroda who initiated the Digital telephony revolution in our country. Advances in technology coupled with reforms of 1991 and the fundamental, structural and institutional changes brought about in that period were instrumental in setting up the tone for future growth and development. Today, India is one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world with current sub-scriber base nearing 490 mil-lion and looking positive to touch 500 million subscribers by 2010. India, the fastest growing telecom market in world, registered a CAGR of around 34% over the last decade and has left analysts around the world totally in awe. Among the various segments, cellular or mobile segment has been the key contributor and specially prepaid services, with its wide offerings of services, has been leading the growth wave. With the upcoming 3G allotment, the sector is likely to grow at a good rate riding on better and possibly a whole new range of services. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN TELECOM SECTOR 15 years back, no one had thought that India will become a country with more number of GSM subscribers than fixed line sub-scribers. With 490 million sub-scribers by 2009, teledensity has risen up to around 42%, and thus the other half is yet to be brought to the mainstream. Going by the current data, the subscriber base grew to around 494.07 million in August09, registering a growth of 42.67% over the last year. As per the estimates of Stock watch the expected mobile subscriber base will touch around 771 million by the year 2013. Telephony services i.e. (mobile and basic) and internet services dominate the Indian Tele-com services market. With a CAGR of 29% from 2002 to 2007 with revenues of $20 billion, it is expected to stabilize at 16% by 2010 with revenues in the range of $43 billion. Over the years, wire-less services has acquired almost 92% of the total telephony market, with State owned BSNL as the leader in the landline domain and Bharti Airtel being the leader in cellular s ervices with other players like Reliance, Idea Cellular and Vodafone giving it a tough competition. SERVICE PROVIDERS IN SECTOR The Indian mobile services market is more or less equally divided between GSM and CDMA customers with the former capturing around 53% of the sub-scriber base. Currently there are 11 players who are fighting tooth and nail to increase even one single percentage point in their market share. While Bharti Airtel dominates the GSM arena, Anil Ambani led ADAGs Reliance communications has been leading the CDMA services space in mobile telephony but the good sign for the sector is that revenues of all the incumbents have increased leading to an increase in their revenues. In GSM, Bharti Airtel is given a tough competition by Vodafone and Tata Teleservices which operates Tata Indicom and in CDMA; it is considerably behind Reliance communications in terms of market share. With Mobile number portability coming into the scene, the war will be fiercer in this space and there will be a huge swapping of subscribers among the existing players. SERVICE PROVIDER WISE MARKET SHARE AS ON 31-03-2010 Serial No. Name of Telecom Company Market Share 1 AIRCEL 6.06% 2 BHARTI AIRTEL 22.33% 3 BSNL 11.95% 4 HFCL 0.06% 5 IDEA 10.99% 6 LOOP 0.50% 7 MTNL 0.90% 8 RELIANCE 17.72% 9 SISTEMA 0.60% 10 STEL 0.09% 11 TATA 11.07% 12 UNINOR 0.47% 13 VODAFONE 17.27% SOURCE: TRAI GROWTH PROSPECTS: TELECOM IN INDIA Indian telecom industry has set an example by penetrating the market to an extent of around 43% in a span of 10 years when analysts and experts were extremely sceptical about India as a market. The growth has not been restricted only to the higher section of the society, now it is driven primarily by the rural market as well and the acceptance has been in-creasing considerably over the years. On an average approximately 8 million users are added per month to the kitty thereby making India the worlds fastest growing telecom market and thus happens to be the country offering highest Return On Investment for the telecom companies. To support the growing telecom market, the government is supporting telecom manufacturing by providing tax sops as well as setting up Special economic zones (SEZ) for the sector. TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY 3G spectrum will be the next growth wave in the industry and also the source of additional revenues for the companies. Foreign players such as ATT and NTT DoCoMo have show great interest for the same. The spectrum allotment is a major investment opportunity and is estimated to attract an investment of around US$8-10 billion during 2008-11. The state owned incumbent BSNL has successfully launched its 3G service under the proposed India-Golden 50 scheme but could not create that much of buzz though for not being aggressive in marketing the same. WiMax on the other hand promises seamless connectivity with speed of more than 4 Mbps in tough terrains also. With the growing number of smart phones entering the market coupled with buzz created by the social networking websites, one can surely expect a substantial amount of people using their mobile phones for the internet. The telecom ministry is planning to auction few slots in WiMax in near future. Value Added Services on the other hand is the constant source of revenue and a means to en-gage subscribers. The expected revenue from Value Added Services will be around US$ 4.0 billion by 2015. The concurrent developments like M-Commerce, focus on localization, availability of content in vernacular languages, availability of mobile TV are few out of many growth drivers for the VAS industry. With the customer data at their disposal, telecom companies are generating knowledge and information by churning out this data to serve their customers better. The future for the Indian Telecom industry looks bright with fierce competition making way for consolidation. The growth will be majorly driven by rural sector which is currently attracting good investment not only from the players but also from the government. The biggest challenge will be to keep in touch with the rural customers as setting up customer touch points requires investment with not much tangible returns as the number of subscribers is still pretty low. As of now the penetration in rural areas is around 10% as opposed to around 30% in urban landscape. The industry currently is nicely poised with great new policy changes and new players entering the market to make it more fruitful for the consumers. THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE Several studies were conducted on the issue of service quality in various countries. Some studies were consulted for proper understanding of the concepts discussed in this study. Various models have been developed to determine measure and assess the determinants of service quality. SERVQUAL is based on the idea of a gap between expectations of the customers about service quality by service provider and their assessment of actual performance of service by service provider. Since Parsuraman et al. (1988) developed the SERVQUAL instrument many researchers have used and developed the 22-item scale to study service quality in different sectors of services industry. The following studies are consulted for the present study: A. Parsuraman, Leonard L. Berry, and Valarie A. Zeithaml, (1988) in their study described about development of 22-item instrument in the assessment of service quality perceptions of customers in service and retail firms, which was called as SERVQUAL. This study was revolutionary as it didnt depend on the earlier dimension of goods quality in the manufacturing sector. The initial study based on the focus groups yielded 10 dimensions of service quality that included access, competence, courtesy, credibility, security, tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, communication, and understanding the customer. In concluding remarks, authors proposed that SERVQUAL scale can help a vast range of service and retail firms to assess the customer expectations and perceptions of service quality as it had a variety of potential applications. Johnson, William. C, and Anuchit Sirikit (2002) conducted a study on the landline and mobile users of the Thai telecommunication industry using the SERVQUAL scale (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles). The study was conducted with the objectives of finding whether service quality ratings predict a competitive advantage among Thai telecommunication firms as indicated by future customer intentions and whether SERVQUAL reliably assesses service quality perceptions/expectations among customers in the Thai telecommunication industry. G.S.Sureshchandar, Chandrasekharan Rajendran, and R.N.Anantharaman (2003) critically examined the service quality issues from the customers point of view. In their study conducted in a developing country, India, authors selected three groups of banks for their study viz. Public sector, Private sector, and foreign banks. Authors in their study found that in terms of the customer perceptions of service quality, the technological factors appear to contribute more in differentiating the three sectors and the people-oriented factors appear to contribute less in differentiation among three sectors. In terms of performance foreign banks topped among three groups, and performance of public sectors banks is even less than private sector banks. Ndubisi, Nelson Oly, and Chan Kok Wah (2005) conducted a study on the Malaysian banking sector. The study concluded by saying that banks can generate customer satisfaction by exhibiting trustworthy behaviour, commitment to service, communicating information to customers efficiently and accurately, delivering services in a competent manner, handling potential and manifest conflicts skilfully, and improving overall customer relationship quality. Najjar, Lotfollah, and Ram R. Bishus (2006) study on the US banking sector using a nondifference score of SERVQUAL scale focused on the importance of improving service quality in the banking sector. The study used statistical tools like ANOVA, Factor Analysis, and Regression to analyze the data. The final results of the service quality analysis showed that reliability and responsiveness were the two most critical dimensions of service quality and they are directly related to overall service quality. The findings of the study substantiated the findings of Berry et al. where reliability and responsiveness were shown to be important factors of service quality. Abdolreza Eshghi, Sanjit Kumar Roy, and Shirshendu Ganguly (2008) conducted an empirical study in Indian mobile telecommunication services sector and concluded that reputation is intertwined with the perceived service quality and customer satisfaction, and with the help of public relation campaigns and innovative communication strategies, positive corporate reputation can be build and maintained, which ultimately help to increase customer satisfaction. Study was conducted in Indian cities namely Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Hyderabad. 32 variables related to service quality were considered for the study, which were identified from the past literature. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to derive the conclusions. Based on values of beta coefficients hierarchy of factors was framed. In their analysis relational quality, competitiveness, reliability, reputation and transmission quality factors emerged as significant predictors of customer satisfaction. In hierarchy of factors competitiveness, relational quality, and reliability were more important than rest factors. RESEARCH GAP As per the literature reviewed for the present study in the Indian mobile telecommunication sector no integrated study about service quality attributes, customer value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in Indian context has been conducted. So as per the stiff competition in the market between these mobile telecommunication companies, it is important to find out whether any relationship exists among service quality attributes, customer value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Also customers have different mindset towards these companies about services provided by them. The Indian mobile telecommunication sector is vast and there are big business opportunities for service providers. With almost all the public and private companies offering the same kind of services and network coverage, the quality of service offered to the customers became one of the important differentiators for all the service probiders to maintain their competitive advantage in the market. Ser vice quality refers to the perception of the customers of the organization regarding how well the organization is fulfilling their service needs. As said in the introduction, measuring the quality of services provided is possible only through the perception of the quality of service that the customers are experiencing from their service providers. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Although research on the service quality of telecommunication services based on customer perceptions has been conducted widely, no recent studies have been conducted which examine the effect of the service quality dimensions on perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty in an integrated model in Indian context. This research attempts to examine the effect of service dimensions/attributes on perceive service quality, value, satisfaction, and service loyalty based on the research objectives which presented as follows:   1. Using mobile telecommunication services setting in India, what are the specific attributes of service quality that influence customer value, and customer satisfaction.   2. Using mobile telecommunication services setting in India, what are the specific predictors (service quality attributes, customer value, or customer satisfaction) which influence customer loyalty. Will the proposed path model predict individual path relationships among service quality attributes, customer value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty? Research Model Research model for the present will be developed based on the constructs namely service quality attributes, customer value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. It will include hypothesized relationships among above mentioned constructs, and statistically this model will be tested. Hypotheses of the study Hypotheses will be developed with support from past literature to test the relationships among the followings: Relationship between service quality attributes and customer value Relationship between service quality attributes and customer satisfaction. Relationships among service quality attributes, customer value, and customer satisfaction. Relationship between customer value and customer satisfaction. Relationships among attributes of service quality, customer value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Justification of the Study   This research is designed to help both academicians and practitioners understand the extent to which service quality, customer value, and customer satisfaction relate to customer loyalty in a telecom environment. The assessment of the most important attributes in telecom services set up can provide important cues, which may be used to review characteristics of the sector as experienced by customers. These cues can be used to improve customer value and customer satisfaction, which will lead to improved customer loyalty.  Finally, this study contributes to the service marketing literature by applying concept of service quality, customer value, customer satisfaction, and loyalty in a telecommunication services setting in India, as one of developing country in Asia. RESEARCH DESIGN To create a research design for the study appropriate measures and model are considered as per requirement of the research work. The focus of present research work is investigation of relationships among attributes of service quality, customer  value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in Indian mobile telecommunication services sector. Since present research work will be based on primary data, which is to be collected from Indian mobile telecommunication services users with the help of structured questionnaire, a field based survey design will be used as data collection method. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Many researchers have conducted researches in the field of service quality and customer satisfaction such as Parasuraman et al. (1985, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994), Zeithaml et al. (1988, 1991, 1993, 1996), Cronin and Taylor (1992, 1994), Hartline and Jones (1996), Johnston (1997), Lassar, Chris Manolis, and Winsor (2000), cronin, Brady, and Hult (2000), Caruana (2002), and Abdolreza Eshghi, Sanjit Kumar Roy, and Shirshendu Ganguly (2008). In the year 1985, pioneer research was conducted in the field of service quality by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry. In their research they came out with service quality dimensions, and succeed in developing five gaps of service quality model. Researchers defined service quality as gap between customers expectations and perceptions about quality of service offered by the service provider. With the help of this research they were able to develop service quality scale to measure the quality of service quantitatively, and scale was named as SERVQUAL. In 1988, Pararsuraman et al. conceptualized the dimensions of SERVQUAL scale namely Tangibility, Responsiveness, reliability, Assurance, and Empathy. For these five dimensions a total of 22 items were selected in the service quality instrument. After development of service quality instrument, many researches were conducted in different service set ups by using SERVQUAL. To examine the process of delivery of service quality, customer value and their impact on behavioural intentions of customers Hartline and Jones (1996) developed a model, which included same theories and concepts as earlier taken by Bolton and Drew (1991a), Boulding et al. (1993). In their research work, they came out with strong evidences that specific performance cues of employees have significant effect on overall quality and as a result this quality had significant impact on overall customer value. Effect of overall customer value was found relatively more on behavioural intensions as compared to overall quality. Whereas effect of specific performance cues was mediated by overall customer value and overall quality. In the year 2000, Cronin, Brady, and Hult conducted research in various service industries by taking into consideration service quality, customer value, customer satisfaction, and behavioural intentions. They found in their study that service quality, customer value, and customer satisfaction have direct impact on behavioural intentions, if all these three are taken collectively, whereas indirect effects of service quality and customer value increased their impact on behavioural intentions. Caruana in 2002 developed a model showing mediation role of customer satisfaction between service quality and customer loyalty. Results of the research provided evidences for the proposed model and confirmed the mediating role of customer satisfaction between service quality and customer loyalty. Many past studies have specified linkages among service quality, customer value, customer satisfaction, and behavioural intentions. However the results do not confirm which of these three variables or their combinations have direct impact on behaviour intention. In the past literature it has been found that bivariate relationship exists between behavioural intention and all three constructs. Zeithaml et al. (1996) found that service quality is an important determinant of behavioural intention, but the exact relationship was not discovered. Therefore this type of partial relationship determination may lead to omitted variable bias and hamper the results. To overcome this biasness, an integrative model is needed so that true relationship may be developed and can be tested in a model. Caruana (2002) suggested the role of customer value and reputation of an organization can be considered as new constructs to relate customer satisfaction with customer loyalty. The present research expands the previous researches conducted by various scholars and includes the model developed by Hesketts, Sasser, and Schlesinger (1997), popularly known as Service Profit Chain. Service Profit Chain model suggests that there is positive direct relationships among profit, growth, value of products offered to the customers, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, productivity, service quality attributes. With the use of customer friendly strategies satisfied employees deliver better quality of services and able to retain the customers for a long time for the betterment of organization. Service quality attributes and customer value directly influence customer satisfaction and customer satisfaction directly affects customer loyalty. Consequently loyalty of customers towards organization leads to phenomenal growth and finally adds to the profits of the organization. Therefore proposed research model for the present study is shown in figure below: Conceptual research model of service quality attributes, customer value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty.